Increasing water scarcity,the growing complexity of industrial wastewater,and the implementation of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets have imposed higher requirements on conventional water treatment technologies.Traditional treatment strategies,which mainly focus on end-of-pipe discharge compliance,show obvious limitations in terms of energy consumption,chemical use,carbon emissions,brine disposal,and resource recovery,and therefore can no longer fully meet the demands of green and low-carbon industrial water treatment.This review summarizes recent advances in low-carbon and energy-saving technologies for water treatment,with particular emphasis on the principles,application scenarios,and development characteristics of low-energy membrane separation,high-efficiency electrochemical technologies,and bio-enhanced green treatment processes.Overall,future water treatment technologies should shift from single-pollutant removal toward the coordinated optimization of water,energy,carbon,and resource flows.Further efforts are needed to address key challenges related to multi-technology integration,process stability,resource utilization,and engineering-scale application,thereby providing technical support for the low-carbon treatment of industrial wastewater.
