The Extraterritorial Effect of Constitutional Rights and Its Chinese Configuration
摘要
宪法是否具有域外效力,是涉外法治体系建设亟须回应的重要问题.以权利条款作为切口,比较宪法理论与实践衍生出三种典型范式:领土主义以属地秩序为基础,原则上完全否认宪法的域外效力;契约主义将宪法视为契约文本,承认其对缔约主体的域外保护;普遍主义则以权利的道德性为核心,主张宪法保护不应区分是否为缔约者.中国宪法规范与实践的发展赋予了域外效力的容许性,呈现出以公民保护为主、兼采领土与普遍主义要素的混合形态.在此基础上,中国宪法域外效力体现出双重独特性:积极维度上,构成法律域外适用制度的效力基础,控制涉外立法的合宪性,规范跨国国家活动,并在不同规范强度上落实中国公民和外国人的权利保障;消极维度上,以附随性方式阻断外国法效力,使公民免受外国法域外效力的影响.
Whether constitutional rights have extraterritorial effect is a key issue in the development of China's foreign-related rule of law.Comparative constitutional theory and practice have produced three paradigms:territorialism,which generally denies extraterritorial effect;contractualism,which recognizes protection for the constitutional community beyond the territory;and universalism,which grounds constitutional protection in the moral nature of rights.China's constitutional norms and practices suggest a permissible but distinctive approach,centered on the protection of citizens while incorporating elements of territorialism and universalism.This model has a dual structure:positively,it provides a constitutional basis for the extraterritorial application of law,constrains foreign-related legislation,regulates transnational state activities,and protects the rights of citizens and foreigners at different levels;negatively,it may operate to block the effectiveness of foreign law and shield citizens from the extraterritorial reach of foreign legal regimes.
